Vitamin E in Multivitamins

Considering that upwards of 60% of Americans have insufficient vitamin E levels, its inclusion in multivitamins is important for helping meet the recommended dietary intake of this vital nutrient. The main role of vitamin E in the body is to contribute to antioxidant defenses that help counteract the oxidative stress produced by biological processes. In addition, there are some early indications that vitamin E’s antioxidant qualities can also help reduce the risk of chronic health disorders such as cardiovascular complications, cognitive decline, and diabetes.

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Vitamin E is special but not wrinkle proof

Many people ask whether vitamin E will help prevent facial wrinkles in men and women. Actually there are no product recommendations for using vitamin E to prevent wrinkles caused by aging in adult men and women. However vitamin E is necessary and essential for human nutrition. It is a naturally occurring product belonging to the fat soluble vitamin group.

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The Critical Role of Vitamin E in Children’s Health

In 2010, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approved a new health claim that vitamin E protects DNA (the genetic code that makes you, you!), proteins (that play a crucial role in all body processes) and fats (which play many important roles in the body) from damage in the general population and in infants and children up to three years of age [1][2]. Interestingly, dietary surveys in Brazil, Germany, Russia and the United States indicate that vitamin E intakes of many toddlers do not reach the recommended levels [3]. In a different study, vitamin E was also identified as one of the vitamins that tends to be low in children in a range of European countries [4]. What’s more, children aren’t the only ones to be low in vitamin E as this is a concern for the general population [5] and it can be assumed that vitamin E intake is insufficient in pregnant and lactating women as well.

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Asia Pacific Market to Outpace Others in Mixed Tocopherol Consumption

Mixed tocopherol, a potential source of vitamin E, is a vital part of human diet and offers significant health benefits. The increasing health consciousness across demographics, especially among geriatric population, coupled with the rising awareness related to health benefits of pharmaceutical supplements, has strongly stimulated the demand for mixed tocopherols for the general well-being.

In the recent few years, the market has witnessed significant demand for mixed tocopherol formulations to treat a wide range of diseases such as restless leg syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s chorea, and neurogenic problems. Several renowned health journals, such as the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, have reiterated on the numerous benefits of alpha tocopherol supplements, notably in the reduction of bone fractures. These developments herald for a positive growth of the market in the coming years.

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Inhibitory effects of vitamin E on osteocyte apoptosis and DNA oxidative damage in bone marrow hemopoietic cells at early stage of steroid-induced femoral head necrosis.

Jia YB, Jiang DM, Ren YZ, Liang ZH, Zhao ZQ, Wang YX.

Mol Med Rep. 2017 Apr;15(4):1585-1592. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6160. Epub 2017 Feb 2.

Abstract

Apoptosis and DNA oxidative damage serve significant roles in the pathogenesis of steroid‑induced femoral head necrosis. Vitamin E demonstrates anti‑apoptotic and anti‑oxidant properties. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of vitamin E on osteocyte apoptosis and DNA oxidative damage in bone marrow hemopoietic cells at an early stage of steroid‑induced femoral head osteonecrosis. Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (steroid, vitamin E‑treated, and control groups), each comprising 12 rabbits. Those in the steroid group (group S) were initially injected twice with an intravenous dose of 100 µg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin, with a 24 h interval between the two injections, and then with an intramuscular dose of 20 mg/kg methylprednisolone, three times at intervals of 24 h in order to establish a rabbit model of osteonecrosis. The vitamin E treated group (group E) received the same treatment as group S, and were administered 0.6 g/kg/d vitamin E daily from the beginning of modeling. The control group (group C) was injected with normal saline at the equivalent dosage and times as the aforementioned two groups. Two time points, weeks 4 and 6 following the completion of modeling, were selected. Osteonecrosis was verified by histopathology with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The apoptosis rate of osteonecrosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. The apoptosis expression levels of caspase‑3 and B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), and DNA oxidative damage of bone marrow hematopoietic cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. At weeks 4 and 6 following the completion of modeling, the vacant bone lacunae rates of group E were 15.87±1.97 and 25.09±2.67%, respectively, lower than the results of 20.02±2.21 and 27.79±1.39% for group S; and the osteocyte apoptosis indexes of group E were 20.99±2.95 and 33.93±1.62%, respectively, lower than the results of 26.46±3.37 and 39.90±3.74% from group S. In addition, the Bcl-2 expression at week 4 in the femoral head tissues of group E was higher compared with group S; and the proportion of Bcl‑2‑positive cells of group E was 9.81±1.01%, higher compared with group S at 8.26±1.13%. The caspase‑3 staining data at week 4 in femoral head tissues demonstrated that in the 12 femoral heads of group S, four were negative (32%) and eight were positive (68%); in group E, five were negative (45%) and seven were positive (55%); and in group C, 11 were negative (95%) and one was positive (5%). In addition, the DNA oxidative damage rate at week 4 in the bone marrow hemopoietic cells of group E was (7.24±1.44%), lower compared with group S (11.80±1.26%), and higher compared with group C (5.75±1.47%). Vitamin E is effective in intervening in apoptosis through decreasing caspase‑3 expression and upregulating Bcl‑2 expression, and by alleviating DNA oxidative damage in bone marrow hemopoietic cells at the early stage of steroid‑induced femoral head necrosis in rabbit models.

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Antioxidant activity of amino acids in soybean oil at frying temperature: Structural effects and synergism with tocopherols.

Hwang HS, Winkler-Moser JK.

Food Chem. 2017 Apr 15;221:1168-1177. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.042. Epub 2016 Nov 9.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate amino acids as natural antioxidants for frying. Twenty amino acids were added to soybean oil heated to 180°C, and the effects of amino acid structure on the antioxidant activity were investigated. Amino acids containing a thiol, a thioether, or an extra amine group such as arginine, cysteine, lysine, methionine, and tryptophan had the strongest antioxidant activities. At 5.5mM, these amino acids had stronger antioxidant activities than 0.02% (1.1mM) tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). A functional group such as an amide, carboxylic acid, imidazole, or phenol appeared to negatively affect amino acid antioxidant activity. Synergism between amino acids and tocopherols was demonstrated, and we found that this synergistic interaction may be mostly responsible for the antioxidant activity that was observed. In a frying study with potato cubes, 5.5mM l-methionine had significantly stronger antioxidant activity than 0.02% TBHQ.

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Chemical composition of Brazilian chia seeds grown in different places

da Silva BP, Anunciação PC, Matyelka JC, Della Lucia CM, Martino HS, Pinheiro-Sant'Ana HM.

Food Chem. 2017 Apr 15;221:1709-1716. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.115. Epub 2016 Nov 2.

Abstract

This study investigated and compared the occurrence and concentration of macronutrients, moisture, ash, dietary fiber, fatty acids, minerals, carotenoids, vitamins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, phytate and tannin in Brazilian chia seeds grown in the states of Mato Grosso (MT) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). High concentrations of lipids (31.2g.100g-1, on average), proteins (18.9g.100g-1, on average), dietary fiber (35.3g.100g-1, on average), vitamin E (8,203.6μg.100g-1, on average) were observed. Similar values for total phenolic compounds and phytic acid in chia seeds from both regions were observed. Chia grown in RS showed higher antioxidant activity than chia grown in MT, and the tannin concentrations were higher in chia seeds grown in Mato Grosso (19.08±1.08eq.catequina/gsample). In conclusion, Brazilian chia seeds showed high concentrations of lipids, proteins, total dietary fiber, minerals and vitamin E.

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Attenuating Effect of Zinc and Vitamin E on the Intestinal Oxidative Stress Induced by Silver Nanoparticles in Broiler Chickens.

Song Z, Lv J, Sheikhahmadi A, Uerlings J, Everaert N.

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2017 Apr 14. doi: 10.1007/s12011-017-1016-0. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been increasingly used as antimicrobial and disinfectant. However, intestinal model studies have shown that AgNPs induce oxidative stress. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental zinc (Zn) and vitamin E (VE; α-tocopherol acetate) on attenuating AgNP-induced intestinal oxidative stress in broiler chickens. The chickens were divided into two groups as follows: (1) control group fed with a corn-soybean meal basal diet and (2) nano group, received drinking water containing 1000 mg/kg AgNPs. All the nano-exposed birds were divided into six dietary treatment groups, namely, the basal diets supplemented with (1) 60 mg/kg Zn as ZnSO4, (2) 120 mg/kg Zn, (3) 100 mg/kg VE, (4) 200 mg/kg VE, (5) 60 mg/kg Zn and 100 mg/kg VE, and (6) 120 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg VE. Results showed that the AgNPs significantly reduced the body weights of the broilers after 42 days of oral administration of AgNPs (P < 0.05), and this effect was not alleviated by any of the dietary treatments. The activity of superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) increased in all the AgNP-treated birds (P < 0.05); however, CuZn-SOD did not increase in birds fed with basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg VE. In this treatment, the VE exerted an antioxidant effect to prevent the activation of the CuZn-SOD enzyme. Furthermore, supplementing Zn increased the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05), which were accompanied with increased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) in the broilers. AgNP exposure resulted in a significant messenger RNA (mRNA) upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2-1 in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). However, supplemental ZnVE did not reduce TLRs’ mRNA expression, except for the diminished TLR2-1 mRNA levels in birds fed with basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg VE. We concluded that although dietary Zn and VE supplementation did not attenuate growth depression effect of AgNP, it however attenuates intestinal oxidative stress in AgNP-treated broiler chickens.

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The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin E Co-Supplementation on Indices of Insulin Resistance and Hormonal Parameters in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Ebrahimi FA, Samimi M, Foroozanfard F, Jamilian M, Akbari H, Rahmani E, Ahmadi S, Taghizadeh M, Memarzadeh MR, Asemi Z.

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017 Apr 13. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-117773. [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on indices of insulin resistance and hormonal parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was done on 68 women diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria aged 18-40 years old. Participants were randomly assigned into 2 groups to receive either 1 000 mg omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed oil containing 400 mg α-Linolenic acid plus 400 IU vitamin E supplements (n=34) or placebo (n=34) for 12 weeks. Hormonal parameters were quantified at the beginning of the study and after 12-week intervention. After 12 weeks of intervention, compared to the placebo, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in insulin (-1.0±3.5 vs. +2.7±6.6 µIU/mL, P=0.004), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (-0.2±0.8 vs. +0.6±1.5, P=0.005), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated B cell function (-4.3±14.3 vs. +10.5±24.5, P=0.004) and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.006±0.02 vs. -0.01±0.04, P=0.008). Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids plus vitamin E led to significant reductions in serum total testosterone (-0.5±0.7 vs. -0.1±0.5 ng/mL, P=0.008) and free testosterone (-1.2±2.1 vs. -0.2±1.7, P=0.04) compared to the placebo group. We did not observe any significant effect of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on fasting plasma glucose and other hormonal profiles. Omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation for 12 weeks in PCOS women significantly improved indices of insulin resistance, total and free testosterone.

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The truth about superfoods and antioxidants

What can be pretty annoying are things which are extravagantly marketed despite the fact that they cannot possibly match depicted expectations. One such item is a fad called “clean eating” – this irritates me because the term implies that if we do not embrace the foods faddists suggest, then somehow we would be eating dirty rubbish instead.

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